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Não é de hoje que o termo medicina preventiva está em voga. Afinal, já está claro que a relação entre doenças – sobretudo as crônicas – e os nossos hábitos é íntima. Sedentarismo, consumo excessivo de álcool, má alimentação e, principalmente, estresse, todos esses hábitos são catalisadores de diversas doenças, afetando não só a saúde da própria pessoa, mas sua interação social, sua atividade profissional, dentre outras esferas da vida.
É neste contexto que surge a medicina preventiva como uma aliada na construção de uma saúde sob uma outra perspectiva. Ao invés de tratar a doença e seus sintomas, numa fase reativa, a prevenção foca na mudança dos hábitos ruins em substituição por outros positivos, promovendo assim uma minimização dos riscos e mais longevidade. Incrível, não? ?
A medicina preventiva tem, inclusive, ressignificado os papéis do médico e dos pacientes no processo de cura. Segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), a saúde é um estado de completo bem-estar físico, mental e social, e não apenas como a ausência de doença ou enfermidade.
Assim, os profissionais da área passam a se enxergar como promotores do bem-estar de forma ampla, não se restringindo a tarefas e intervenções e colocando o paciente no centro das suas iniciativas. No caso dos médicos, este trecho do artigo “Lifetime risk, uma nova ferramenta para prevenção cardiovascular” descreve bem o contexto:
A disseminação da ideia de prevenção, que tira do médico a vestimenta de ‘tratador de doenças’ para incorporar-lhe também o papel de mantenedor da saúde, imputou-lhe a difícil tarefa de modificar hábitos de vida.
A medicina preventiva é, portanto, uma quebra de paradigma que, embora não pareça inovadora, possui uma série de desafios!
Incorporando mudanças de hábitos
Segundo o autor Charles Duhigg, do célebre O Poder do Hábito, uma pessoa demora cerca de 21 dias para incorporar um novo hábito, é o que ele chama de “ciclo do hábito” e possui três elementos básicos: gatilho, rotina e recompensa.
Um exemplo simples para explicar a incorporação de hábitos: a academia (ou qualquer esporte) é o seu gatilho, ter um tempo para praticar o exercício é a sua rotina e a recompensa é poder comer uma refeição na semana sem peso na consciência!
Esse é o modus operandi da mente humana e, conhecendo isso, é possível operar verdadeiros milagres!
Os três tipos de prevenção
Na medicina preventiva temos três áreas: a prevenção primária; a prevenção secundária; e a prevenção terciária.
A prevenção primária foca, obviamente, para que a própria pessoa tenha a melhor qualidade de vida possível, ou seja, em medidas e hábitos saudáveis. Entre eles, não fumar, não consumir álcool com frequência, ter uma dieta nutritiva e praticar exercícios físicos. A lista inclui ainda construir relacionamentos saudáveis, investir em autodesenvolvimento e inteligência emocional.
Da mesma forma que a mudança comportamental, essas ações colaboram para a saúde mental, prevenindo males como a depressão e a ansiedade. Além disso, precisamos considerar a importância do monitoramento médico de caráter preventivo, com a realização de check-ups periódicos.
A prevenção secundária, por sua vez, visa identificar males em estágios iniciais e evitar que evoluam para quadros mais sérios. É o caso, por exemplo, da prevenção ao câncer de mama, já que estamos no Outubro Rosa. O autoexame e a recomendação de mamografias anualmente são exemplos da identificação prévia de problemas futuros, conseguindo com o diagnóstico precoce minimizar sequelas.
A prevenção terciária, por sua vez, atua quando uma doença é diagnosticada. Ela ocorre para minimizar os efeitos adversos. Um exemplo clássico é o monitoramento e tratamento do Alzheimer, onde o objetivo é retardar o avanço dos sintomas, como a perda da memória e a deterioração cognitiva.
Para além da prevenção
Resta claro, ainda, que a medicina preventiva cria uma estratégia de longo prazo para a nossa saúde. Não estamos mais focados apenas em tratar a doença, apagar o incêndio, mas também de evitar que elas aconteçam ou, caso seja inevitável, que seus efeitos sejam mais brandos. E isso ocorre diante de um quadro onde a expectativa de vida da população está crescendo e, consequentemente, o aparecimento de doenças crônicas.
Segundo o relatório “Perspectivas da população no mundo“, divulgado pela ONU, a expectativa de vida global subiu 8 anos entre 1990 e 2019. No Brasil, a expectativa média ao nascer era de 76,3 anos em 2018, conforme o IBGE. Portanto, os números são consistentes e representam apenas uma amostra sobre o que é medicina preventiva e sua importância.
Por fim, é importante ter em mente que a tecnologia é uma grande aliada nesse processo de prevenção. Hoje, uma série de aplicações e gadgets (como os próprios smartphones e smartwatches) são ferramentas para ter uma vida mais saudável. E é exatamente neste pilar que o DocHealth surge como um aliado à saúde. Através de histórico familiar, exames médicos armazenados, dados de saúde e lembretes, o app ajuda a construir o ciclo da construção de novos hábitos!
133 comentários em “Medicina Preventiva: para além da prevenção por: Thiago Vieira”
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